Definition
Direct
Speech
In grammar, direct
speech is speech which is reported by using the exact words that the speaker
used.
When the
reported speech stating the actual words, this is called direct speech (direct
sentence). Sentences are not connected by "that" it shall be marked
with (punctuation) comma.
Indirect
Speech
Indirect speech is speech which tells you what
someone said, but does not use the person's actual words
When the
reported speech gives substance to the words used by the speaker and not the
actual words are called indirect speech (indirect sentence). In indirect speech
sentences are associated with the word "that".
Time
reporting verb forms are not changed, but the form of reported speech time
should be changed based on time reporting verb forms.
Example
|
Direct
|
Indirect
|
|
Simple
present
|
Simple
past
|
|
Present
continous
|
Past
continous
|
|
Present
perfect continous
|
Past
perfect continous
|
Present
tense
Direct : She said, “ It’s cold”
Indirect : She said that it was cold
Present
continous
Direct : She said, "I'm teaching English
online."
Indirect : She said that she was
teaching English online.
Present
Perfect Continous
Direct : She said, "I've been teaching English
for seven years."
Indirect : She said that she had
been teaching English for seven years
If the
reported speech related to general truths or facts that have become
habits,
present indefinite or simple present in the reported speech is not transformed
into
the past
tense is appropriate, but still just as adanmya, for example:
Direct
Speech - Indirect Speech
He said,
"The Sun Rises in the east" - He said That the sun Rises in the east
In
reported speech, when the present tense changed to past tense with the rules I,
adjectives, verbs or adverbs generally modified:
Direct
Speech
this =
this
these =
this
come =
to come
here =
here, over here
Hence =
from here
hither =
to this place
ago =
past
now =
now
today =
today
tomorrow
= tomorrow
yesterday
= yesterday
last
night = last night
next
week = next week
thus =
so
example:
He said,
"Will I come here".
Indirect
Speech
That =
was
Those =
it
go = go
there =
over there, over there
thence =
from there
thither
= to that place
before =
first
then =
at that time
that day
= day
The next
day next day =
the
previous day = the day before
the
previous night = night before
The
following week = next week
so = so
He said
That he would go there
But if
this, here, now and so indicate on the object, place or time when talking, then
do not change.
Agus
said, "This is my pen". - Agus said That this was his pen
(When
talking pen in the hands of the speaker)
1) When the news reported speech
sentences
With
this rule, reporting verb is considered in the present or future tense and
whenever this particular case, the form of the verb in reported speech is not
changed at all in changing direct into indirect speech.
Reporting
verbs - Reported speech
Present
tense - Any tense (form any time)
Direct:
She says to her friend, "I have been writing".
Indirect:
She says to her friend That he has been writing. (Unchanged)
Direct:
She has toll you, "I am reading".
Indirect:
She has toll you That he is reading. (Unchanged)
Direct:
She Will say, "You have done wrongly".
Indirect:
She Will tell you That you have done wrongly. (Unchanged)
Direct:
She Will say, "The boy Was not lazy".
Indirect:
Them That She Will tell the boy Was not lazy. (Unchanged)
2) When the reported speech is an
interrogative sentence
a)
Reporting verb say or ask or tell converted to inquire. By repeating words and
asked to change tenses when asked the question begins with the word preached.
Direct
He said
to me, "Where are you going?"
He said
to me, "What are you doing?"
Indirect
He asked
me where I was going
He
inquired of me what I was doing
b) By
using if or whether as a liaison between reporting and reported speech and verb
tenses change, if the question begins with a verb reported:
Direct
He said
to me, "Are you going
away
today? "
He asked
me, "can you come along?"
Indirect
He asked
me whether I was
going
away that day.
He asked
me if I Could come along.
3) The
sentence commands (imperative sentences)
If the
reported speech is a command line, reporting verbs say or tell to be converted
into a particular verb that indicates:
•
Command (command), for example, ordered, commanded, etc. which means sent,
ordered.
•
Precept (instructions, guidance, education), for example, advised that means
advising.
•
Request (petition), for example, asked which means asking, begging.
•
Entreaty (a very urgent request), for example, begged that means asking,
begging (very).
•
Prohibition (ban), for example, forbade that means banning.
In a
change from a direct sentence to sentence indirectly, imperative mode should be
replaced with the infinitive. Specifically, reported verb (a verb or a verb in
reported speech reported) should be changed to infinitive with to.
a)
Command:
Direct:
He said to his servant, "Go away at once!"
Indirect:
He ordered his servant to go away at once
b)
Precept:
Direct:
She said to her son, "Study hard!"
Indirect:
He advised her son to study hard
c)
Request:
Direct:
He said to his friend, "Please Lend me your pen!"
Indirect:
He asked his friend to be kind enough to Lend him his pencil
d)
Entreaty:
Direct:
He said to his master, "Pardon me, sir"
Indirect:
He begged his master to pardon him.
e)
Prohibition:
Direct:
She said to her daughter, "Do not go there"
Indirect:
She forbade her daughter to go there
If the
reporting verb say or tell is converted into verbs reported ask, order,
command, etc. (but if not forbid), the predicate is changed to the infinitive
with to, which is preceded by a note or no + infinitive with to.
Direct:
She said to her daughter, "Do not go there"
Indirect:
She asked herdaughter not to go there.
4) Sentence exclamation
(exclamatory sentences)
When the
reported speech consists of words or phrases called optative, reporting verbs
say
or
should be changed to tell the particular verb such as exclaim, cry out,
pray
etc..
a)
Exclamatory sentences
Direct:
He said, "Hurrah! My old friend has come "
Indirect:
He exclaimed with joy That Had his old friend come.
b)
Optative sentences (sentences that expressed the hope, praise, etc.)
Direct:
He said, "God bless you, my dear son"
Indirect:
He prayed That God would bless his dear son
ENGLISH PAPERS
DIRECT AND INDIRECT
PREPARED BY:
GROUP 6
SMA NEGERI SUKANAGARA
2011/2012
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